![]() In beekeepers, the statistics are different. Anaphylaxis occurs in 0.3 to 7.5% (or 0.85–5%, according to other sources) of sting cases. Allergic reactions are more often observed in adults. A total of 15–20% of general population tests positive for IgE (sIgE), but most people do not experience dangerous symptoms after a sting. Large local injection site reactions occur in up to 26% of the general population and are defined as swellings larger than 10 cm in diameter lasting 24–48 h. The risk of a systemic reaction in patients with undiagnosed allergies to the venom of black-winged insects ranges from 3.3 to 5%. Sensitivity to Hymenoptera venom occurs in 27–40% of the general adult population and in up to 50% of children. In Poland, the most common causes of anaphylaxis include Hymenoptera stings and bites (41.4%), followed by food (29.8%), and drugs and other medical products (17.4%). Epidemiology of Honeybee Venom AllergyĪccording to the World Allergy Organization (WAO), HVA is one of the most common causes of allergies in adults which can lead to anaphylaxis. This review explores a large number of studies investigating individual allergenic molecules of the honeybee, with a focus on explaining the causes of allergenicity.Ģ. In the future, such research may not only enable the prevention of allergy to honey, but also allow for the use of honey as a new method of immunotherapy to Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) or allergies to inhaled antigens. To understand the causes of allergy to honey, detailed research is necessary in order to explain the mechanisms of the migration of potentially allergenic fractions into honey and the possible implications of this process. The average pollen content of these plants can be 6.5–7.4%. When considering the allergenic properties of honey, it should also be taken into account that honey contains pollen from wind-pollinated plants. Although pollen from nectar plants is the main protein component of honey, the allergenic properties of honey may also result from the presence of secretions from the salivary and hypopharyngeal glands of honeybees. ![]() This information sheds new light on the causes of allergic symptoms after consumption of honey. Additionally, Api m 2 (hyaluronidase), Api m 7 (serine protease CUB) and Api m 3 (acid phosphatase) analogues were detected in eight honey samples, whereas, Api m 1 (phospholipase A2), Api m 4 (melittin) and Api m 12 (vitellogenin) were found in one sample. confirmed the presence of Api m 10 (icarapine) and Api m 11b (MRJP9) in all tested honey samples ( n = 13). ![]() Allergenic proteins were first identified in honey in the 1990s. Although the exact incidence of allergy to honey is unknown, it has been estimated to be less than 0.001% of the population. While IgE specific (sIgE) to Hymenoptera venom are found in around 20% of the general population, sIgE antibodies to bee venom are found in 30% of honey-allergic patients. Honeybee venom (HBV) allergy is the second most common form of allergy to Hymenoptera venom, and is especially prevalent in children, beekeepers and their family members, and people who are more likely to be stung. The majority of cases of anaphylactic reaction occur after a sting by honeybee, due to the higher frequency of attacks. In the countries of Central Europe, there are two families of Hymenoptera which cause allergic reactions: Apidae-honeybees ( Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.) and Vespidae-the common wasp ( Vespula vulgaris) and European hornet ( Vespa crabro). At the same time, it also indicates the possibility of using honey as a natural source of allergen in specific immunotherapy.Īlongside drugs and food, insect venom is one of the most frequent elicitors of anaphylaxis. This explains frequent adverse reactions after consuming honey in people allergic to venom and sheds new light on the causes of allergic symptoms in some individuals after honey consumption. Eight of these allergenic fractions have also been identified in honey. Allergenic fractions are different in terms of molecular weight and biological activity. Most of them are highly immunogenic glycoproteins that cross-react with IgE and, as a consequence, may give false positive results in allergy diagnosis. Among the proteins present in honeybee venom, 12 protein fractions were registered by the World Health Organization’s Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee (WHO/IUIS) as allergenic. According to the World Allergy Organization (WAO), honeybee venom allergy is one of the most common causes of anaphylaxis. Honeybee venom is a source of proteins with allergenic properties which can result in in various symptoms, ranging from local reactions through to systematic life-threatening anaphylaxis, or even death.
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